alguem ensina eu em relação a esses esp ae
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_a derrapagem é uma das principais causas de acidente, sobretudo os que envolvem vêtimas mortais. o espo auxilia-o activamente durante as manobras de condução difáceis que implicam perigo de derrapagem mantendo o veículo na via de forma mais segura.
um obst?culo repentino, um congestionamento a seguir a uma curva é o espo actua rapidamente e evita que o veículo entre em derrapagem em caso de manobras rápidas de desvio.
um tra?ado inesperado da curva e o seu carro amea?a fugir é o espo actua rapidamente e mantém a traject?ria segura do veículo atravṍs da travagem selectiva das rodas._
http://www.bosch-esperience.com.br/br/language1/index.html
electronic stability control (esc) is a computerized system designed to improve a vehicle s handling by intervening at the limits of traction and helping the driver maintain control of the vehicle.
robert bosch gmbh and mercedes benz co-developed the first esc system called elektronisches stabilit?tsprogramm (ger. electronic stability programme trademarked as esp) for the flagship mercedes-benz s-class sedan. esc first came to general notice after a mercedes-benz a-class car (without esc) failed the moose test (sudden swerving to avoid an obstacle). because mercedes-benz promotes its reputation for safety[1] mercedes recalled and retrofitted 130,000 mercedes-benz a-class cars with esc. this produced a profound reduction in crashes[2]. mercedes benz licensed esp/esc for use by other vehicle manufacturers at no cost, including volvo who added dsa as an option on all models and as standard in larger models in 1995. mercedes-benz became the first manufacturer to make esc standard across its model range in 1999[3], with volvo making its versions dsa, dsc and dstc standard across all models on the release of new models between 1998-2000 as well as adding ebd (electronic brake force distribution) as standard on all models sold including existing models like the s/v40 in 1998. as of the 2008 model year, many manufacturers still have yet to install esc as standard on all models. for example, esc is not available for the honda fit[4] or the ford focus (american version, but it is available for the european second generation focus, which is a totally different car to american focus) [5], although ford has announced that all its vehicles in north america will be equipped with esc by the end of 2009. [6]
esc was introduced to the mass market by robert bosch gmbh/mercedes-benz, continental automotive systems, delphi and trw. electronic stability control is the generic term recognized by the society of automotive engineers and other authorities, although vehicle manufacturers use a variety of different trade names
operation
esc compares the driver s intended direction (by measuring steering angle) to the vehicle s actual direction (by measuring lateral acceleration, rotation (yaw) and individual wheel speeds). if the vehicle is not going where the driver is steering, esc then brakes individual front or rear wheels and/or reduces excess engine power as needed to help correct understeer (plowing) or oversteer (fishtailing).
esc incorporates yaw angle control into anti-lock brakes. yaw is rotation around the vertical axis; i.e. spinning left or right. anti-lock brakes enable esc to brake individual wheels. esc may also incorporate traction control, which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power until control is regained.
esc cannot override a car s physical limits. if a driver pushes the vehicle s traction limits too far, esc cannot prevent a crash. it is a tool to help the driver maintain control using available traction.
effectiveness
numerous international studies have confirmed the effectiveness of esc in helping the driver maintain control of the car and helping to save lives and reduce the severity of crashes. in the fall of 2004 in the u.s., the national highway and traffic safety administration confirmed the international studies, releasing results of a field study in the u.s. of esc effectiveness. nhtsa concluded that esc reduces crashes by 35%. additionally, sport utility vehicles with stability control are involved in 67 percent fewer accidents than suvs without the system. the insurance institute for highway safety (iihs) issued its own study results in 2004 concluding that universal use of esc could save 7,000 lives a year in the united states. in june 2006, the iihs released a second study showing that up to 10,000 fatal us crashes could be avoided annually if all vehicles were equipped with esc[7] the 2006 study concluded that esc reduces the likelihood of all fatal crashes by 43 percent, fatal single-vehicle crashes by 56 percent, and fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 77-80 percent. esc is described as the most important advance in auto safety since the seat belt by many experts[8] including nicole nason,[9] administrator of the nhtsa,[10] jim guest and david champion[11] of consumers union[12] max mosley of the f?d?ration internationale de l automobile (fia), e-safety aware[13], csaba csere, editor of car and driver[14], and bill kozyra, ceo of continental automotive systems[10]. the european new car assessment program (euroncap) strongly recommends that people buy cars fitted with stability control.[15] on november 21, 2006 the iihs announced that 13 of the 2007 vehicles had earned its top safety pick rating é although the rating is based primarily on crashworthiness, a major new requirement for this top rating is that the vehicle must be equipped with esc (which helps avoid crashes)[16].
cost
esc is built on top of an anti-lock brake (abs) system. the esc components include a yaw rate sensor, a lateral acceleration sensor, a steering wheel sensor, and an upgraded integrated control unit. according to national highway traffic safety administration research, abs costs an estimated us$368 (in 2005) and esc costs an additional us$111. the retail price of esc varies; as a stand-alone option, it retails for as little as $450. unfortunately, many auto makers bundle esc with other features so the cost of a package that includes esc could be several thousands of dollars.
research shows that esc is highly cost-effective[17] and it might pay for itself in reduced insurance premiums.
availability
although mercedes benz recalled and retro-fitted the fleet of mercedes-benz a-class cars with esc in 1995, esc is not generally available for after-market installation. the only way consumers can get esc is to buy a vehicle equipped by the manufacturer with standard or optional esc.
availability of esc in passenger vehicles varies between manufacturers and countries. in 2007, esc was available in roughly 50% of new north american models, whereas that figure is about 75% in sweden. however, consumer awareness affects buying patterns so that roughly 45% of vehicles sold in north america and the uk are purchased with esc[18], contrasting with 78-93% in nordic european countries such as germany, denmark, and sweden. while few vehicles had esc prior to 2004, increased awareness will increase the number of vehicles with esc on the used car market.
esc is available on cars, suv s, and pickup trucks from all major auto makers. esc is also available on some motor homes. elaborate esc and esp systems (including roll stability control (rsc)[19]) are available for many commercial vehicles[20], including transport trucks, trailers, and buses from manufacturers such as bendix corporation[21], wabco [22], daimler chrysler,[23], scania ab[24], and prevost[25]
components and design
the esc-system uses several sensors to determine the state the driver wants the vehicle to be in (driver demand). other sensors indicate the actual state of the vehicle (vehicle response). the control-algorithm compares both states and decides, when necessary, to adjust the dynamic state of the vehicle.
the sensors used for esc have to send data at all times in order to detect possible defects as soon as possible. they have to be resistant to possible forms of interference (rain, holes in the road, etc.). the most important sensors are:
steering wheel angle sensor : determines the driver s intended rotation; i.e. where the driver wants to steer. this kind of sensor is often based on amr-elements.
yaw sensor : measures the yaw angle (rotation) of the car; i.e how much the car is actually turning. the data from the yaw sensor is compared with the data from the steering wheel angle sensor to determine regulating action.
lateral acceleration sensor : often based on the hall effect. measures the lateral acceleration of the vehicle.
wheel speed sensor : measures the wheel speed.
esc uses a hydraulic modulator to assure that each wheel receives the correct brake force. a similar modulator is used in abs. abs needs to reduce pressure during braking, only. esc additionally needs to increase pressure in certain situations.
the heart of the esc-system is the ecu. the various control techniques are embedded in it. often, the same ecu is used for diverse systems at the same time (abs, traction control, climate control, etc.). the input signals are sent through the input-circuit to the digital controller. the desired vehicle state is determined based upon the steering wheel angle, its gradient and the wheel speed. simultaneously, the yaw sensor measures the actual state. the controller computes the needed brake or acceleration force for each wheel and directs via the driver circuits the valves of the hydraulic modulator. via a can-interface the ecu is connected with other systems (abs, etc.) in order to avoid giving contradictory commands.
product names
vehicle manufacturers use electronic stability control systems under different marketing names:
acura: vehicle stability assist (vsa)
alfa romeo: vehicle dynamic control (vdc)
audi: esp - electronic stabilization program
buick: stabilitrak
bmw: dynamic stability control (dsc), including dynamic traction control
cadillac: all-speed traction control & stabilitrak
chevrolet: stabilitrak; active handling (corvette only)
chrysler: electronic stability program (esp)
citro?n: electronic stability program (esp)
daewoo: traction control system (tcs)
dodge: electronic stability program (esp)
daimler: electronic stability program (esp)
fiat: electronic stability program (esp) and vehicle dynamic control (vdc)
ferrari: controllo stabilitá (cst)
ford: advancetrac with roll stability control (rsc) and interactive vehicle dynamics (ivd) and electronic stability program (esp); dynamic stability control (dsc) (australia only)
general motors: stabilitrak
honda: electronic stability control (esc) and vehicle stability assist (vsa) and electronic stability program (esp)
holden: electronic stability program (esp)
hyundai: electronic stability program (esp), electronic stability control (esc), and vehicle stability assist (vsa)
infiniti: vehicle dynamic control (vdc)
jaguar: dynamic stability control (dsc)
jeep: electronic stability program (esp)
kia: electronic stability program (esp)
land rover: dynamic stability control (dsc)
lexus: vehicle dynamics integrated management (vdim) with vehicle stability control (vsc) and traction control (trac) systems
lincoln: advancetrac
maserati: maserati stability program (msp)
mazda: dynamic stability control (dsc)
mercedes-benz (inventors): electronic stability program (esp)
mercury: advancetrac
mini: dynamic stability control
mitsubishi: active skid and traction control multimode and active stability control (asc) (australia only)
nissan: vehicle dynamic control (vdc)
oldsmobile: precision control system (pcs)
opel: electronic stability program (esp)
peugeot: electronic stability program (esp)
pontiac: stabilitrak
porsche: porsche stability management (psm)
renault: electronic stability program (esp)
rover: dynamic stability control (dsc)
saab: electronic stability program
saturn: stabilitrak
seat: electronic stability program (esp)
?koda: electronic stability program (esp)
smart: electronic stability program (esp)
subaru: vehicle dynamics control systems (vdcs)
suzuki: electronic stability program (esp)
toyota: vehicle dynamics integrated management (vdim) with vehicle stability control (vsc)
vauxhall: electronic stability program (esp)
volvo: dynamic stability and traction control (dstc)
volkswagen: electronic stability program (esp)
future
electronic stability control forms the foundation for new advances on vehicle equipment (such as roll stability control - rsc) that will save additional lives and give the driver still more control over the vehicle. the computing power of esc facilitates the networking of active and passive safety systems on the car, creating the opportunity to address still more causes of crashes.
the market for this system is growing at a very robust rate, especially in european countries such as sweden and germany. for example, in sweden, in 2003, the purchase rate on new cars with esc was 15%. the swedish road safety administration issued a strong esc recommendation and in september 2004, 16 months later, the purchase rate was 58%. a stronger esc recommendation was then given and in december 2004, the purchase rate on new cars had reached 69%[26] and by 2007 it had grown to 93%.
in the us, the nhtsa has mandated that esc be included on every new light (under 10,000 lbs) vehicle by the model year 2012 (september, 2011), phasing in esc starting with 55% of 2009 vehicles, 75% of 2010 vechiles, 95% of 2011 vehicles and finally 100% of 2012 vehicles[27]. canada is expected to pre-publish in 2008 a regulation mandating esc by about 2012. it is expected that esc will be installed by 2015 in most new vehicles sold in most european countries, australia, new zealand, in japan. china, india, and mid-eastern countries are also considering esc. several major auto makes have announced their intention to equip all their passenger vehicles with esc within the next few years.
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